|
Substitution of formaldehyde as a tissue fixative
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
-
Propan-2-ol
(67-63-0)
-
Acetic acid
(64-19-7)
|
Health services Scientific research and development |
Embalming agent |
In use — France |
CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing |
|
Substitution of N,N-dimethylformamide with ethanol in analysis of alkaline phosphatases in leukocytes.
|
Used as alternative
|
|
Health services Scientific research and development |
Solvent |
Full capacity — 2005 in Sweden |
CMR other toxic effects ecotoxicity physical hazards |
|
Substitution of toluene and butan-1-ol in inks for the printing of plastic bags
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Water
(7732-18-5)
-
1-Methoxypropan-2-ol
(107-98-2)
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
|
Manufacture of rubber products Manufacture of plastics products, including compounding and conversion |
Solvent Other |
Full capacity — 2007 Spain |
other toxic effects ecotoxicity physical hazards |
|
Substitution of epoxy resins containing naphtalene, ethylbenzene, naphta (heavy aromatic fractions) and titanium dioxide used for the painting of vehicles.
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
-
Ammonia, aqueous solution
(1336-21-6)
|
General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment |
Dye |
In use — 2007 Spain |
CMR ED neurotoxicant |
|
Substitution of methanol with ethanol for use in fixation of polyacrylamide gels in analysis of proteins and DNA/RNA.
|
Used as alternative
|
|
Health services |
Other |
Full capacity — Sweden |
other toxic effects |
|
Mercury Assessment and Elimination in Health Care Facilities
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Tungsten
(7440-33-7)
-
Dichlorozinc
(7646-85-7)
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
Non-chemical alternative
Aneroide barometer instead of mercury barometers
|
Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys |
Other |
In use — 1999-2000 in USA |
neurotoxicant other toxic effects |
|
Different ways to phase out halocarbons like dichloromethane in various applications.
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
-
Water
(7732-18-5)
-
Terpenes
-
Nitrogen
(7727-37-9)
-
Sodium carbonate
(497-19-8)
-
Sodium hydroxide
(1310-73-2)
-
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
(526-73-8)
Non-chemical alternative
Some of the alternatives proposed in this study are non-chemical. Among the more general solutions are the reduction of unnecessary cleaning and degreasing and sometimes even a total change in production or manufacturing procedures. Other, more specific solutions included cleaning processes using inert gas and the utilization of high performance mixture heads. In paint stripping, general chemical alternatives have been proposed, these include acidic-, or alkaline stripping, pyrolysis and fluidized bed stripping.
|
Scientific research and development Building and construction work General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys Manufacture of plastics products, including compounding and conversion Manufacture of rubber products |
Solvent |
Partial capacity — Sweden |
CMR physical hazards |
|
Substitution of gasoline with a combination of ethanol based all-purpose cleaner and window cleaner for cleaning of medical equipment.
|
Used as alternative
|
Non-chemical alternative
Note that although ethanol is listed as the alternative for this substitution, the actual alternative is an all-purpose cleaner based on ethanol. As stated in the abstract, some sort of window-cleaner is necessary in order to get a good result on glassware.
|
Scientific research and development Health services |
Cleaning agent |
Full capacity — Sweden |
CMR physical hazards |
|
Substitution of formamide with sodium hydroxide and ethanol in denaturation of DNA in the preparation of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Sodium hydroxide
(1310-73-2)
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
|
Health services |
Other |
Full capacity |
CMR |
|
Substitution of 2-methoxyethanol with ethanol in double esterase analysis of blood samples.
|
Used as alternative
|
|
Health services Scientific research and development |
Other |
Full capacity |
CMR |
|
70% ethanol as an alternative to formalin in tissue fixation
|
Used as alternative
|
Non-chemical alternative
Snap freezing
|
Health services Scientific research and development |
Durability agent Embalming agent |
|
CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing |
|
Alternative to formaldehyde in fluid preservation of biological specimens.
|
Substituted
|
-
DMDM hydantoin
(6440-58-0)
|
Scientific research and development |
Embalming agent |
Pilot study |
CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing |
|
Reduction of VOC emissions in windscreen washers
|
Substituted
|
|
Manufacture of fine chemicals |
Antioxidant Cleaning agent |
|
skin/respiratory sensitizing |
|
Alternative to formaldehyde as preservative in water samples
|
Used as alternative
|
Non-chemical alternative
Preservation (part) of biological samples by freezing.
|
Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment Scientific research and development |
Durability agent Embalming agent |
In use — France |
CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing other toxic effects physical hazards |
|
Alternatives for parquet adhesive products
|
Substituted
|
|
Manufacture of wood and wood products Building and construction work |
Sizing agent |
In use — 2011 in Germany and other European countries |
physical hazards |
|
De-icing of car wind screens with aqueous potassium chloride solution
|
Substituted
|
-
Potassium chloride
(7447-40-7)
|
Other |
Antifreeze agent |
2012 |
CMR neurotoxicant physical hazards |
|
Shellac as alternative to bitumen in soft or hard ground etching
|
Used as alternative
|
-
Shellac
(9000-59-3)
-
Ethanol
(64-17-5)
|
Printing and reproduction of recorded media Other |
Other |
In use |
CMR |