e.g. Benzene, DEHP, 71-43-2, BPA, phthalate

    Sulfuric Acid

    Chemical structure of PubChem CID 1118

    Risk Level Help

    Chemical Substance Information

    • PubChem CID: 1118
    • CAS: 7664-93-9
    • EC NO: 231-639-5
    • Safety Data Sheet: Link
    • SMILES: OS(=O)(=O)O

    Hazard Assessment Overview Help

    Hazard Sunburst Chart Legend

    Hazard Assessment Summary Table Help CSV format XLSX format
    Reset


    Assessment Type Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Reproductive Toxicity Developmental Toxicity Endocrine Disruption
    Hazard Assessment Level
    High
    High
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Medium
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Loading
    Assessment Type Acute Toxicity Systemic Toxicity - Single Dose Systemic Toxicity - Repeated Dose Neurotoxicity - Single Dose Skin Sensitization Respiratory Sensitization Skin Irritation Eye Irritation
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Very High
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Very High
    Very High
    Loading
    Assessment Type Acute Aquatic Toxicity Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Medium
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Loading
    Assessment Type Persistence Bioaccumulation
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Very High
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Assessment Type Reactivity Flammability
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Loading

    Hazard Diagnostic Modules

    The Hazard Diagnostic Module consists of the following four computational chemistry methods. The predicted toxicity alerts are for reference only and should be evaluated together with other available data.

    1. Substructure Alerts
    2. Similarity Alerts
    3. Read-Across
    4. Classification Models

    Smarts Endpoint Source Author Journal
    Loading
    Loading
    Loading

    Safer Alternatives

    Safer alternatives are referenced from current safer chemical databases and software logic, divided into the following three categories:

    1. The system compiles industrial uses of chemicals from the US EPA ChemView database and integrates them with the US EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients to create a safer alternatives list for each chemical. Chemicals may have multiple industrial uses, so the system uses an accordion-style display. Click the 'Suggested Safer Alternatives' tab to expand the table. If the use is broad (e.g., 'Commercial use'), the list may include more specific uses (e.g., 'Solvent'). If no information is available, refer to 'By Industrial Use (Full List)' for manual filtering.
    2. Categorized by industrial use (full list). This list contains safer chemicals for industrial uses, not necessarily replacements for the chemical on this page. You may filter by industrial use via the search bar at the top right of this tab, e.g., filter by 'Antioxidants'. Source: Safer Chemical Ingredients List
    3. Categorized by structural similarity, requiring:
      • Find chemicals with similar functional groups based on structural similarity (Tanimoto coefficient ≥ 0.8), likely having similar functions.
      • Chemicals identified as lower risk by risk assessment, such as level 3, level 4, or insufficient data.
      Practical substitution feasibility still requires domain knowledge and reference to physicochemical properties. For insufficient data (U), it means current hazard and risk assessment information is limited; thus, selection should be cautious and toxicology studies should be reviewed.
    4. Based on real-world case studies. Source: OECD SAAT

    Based on substructure, the system lists chemicals with risk levels 3 (usable but safer alternatives may be sought), 4 (safer chemicals), or insufficient data (U: not enough data to determine risk level). Information

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes
    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Notes
    Loading
    This chemical is not listed in the ZeroPM PFAS alternative assessment database.
    SUBSPORT+ substitution case stories

    Real-world substitution cases involving this chemical, from the SUBSPORT+ case story database (English records).

    Case Role of this chemical Alternative Sector Function Implementation Reason for substitution
    Substitution of sulphuric acid with hydrochloric acid for degreasing metal before zinc and chromium plating. Substituted
    • Hydrogen chloride (7647-01-0)
    General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys Cleaning agent Full capacity — Summer 2011 in Denmark other toxic effects
    Neutralization of alkaline waste water with high ammonia content. Substituted
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products) Manufacture of fine chemicals Health services Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment pH regulating agent Full capacity — 1990 Denmark ecotoxicity physical hazards
    Substitution of sulfochromatic mixtures Substituted
    • Non ionic surfactants
    • Potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3)
    • Sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
    Scientific research and development Cleaning agent CMR other toxic effects neurotoxicant
    Alternative method for determining formaldehyde in commercial samples Substituted
    • Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (10034-99-8)
    Scientific research and development Other Pilot study skin/respiratory sensitizing CMR
    Propylene carbonate and supercritical carbon dioxide as alternative to sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide in semiconductors industry Substituted
    • Propylene carbonate (108-32-7)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent In use — USA CMR
    Hydro-mechanical descaling using scales as abrasive medium as alternative to acid pickling Substituted Non-chemical alternative Hydro-mechanical technology using collected scale as abrasive material Manufacture of wood and wood products Manufacture of plastics products, including compounding and conversion Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment Abrasive Pilot study — 2007 CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing
    Substituting hydrofluoric acid in gold jewellery production. Used as alternative
    • Sulphuric acid (7664-93-9)
    Non-chemical alternative In addition to acid treatment, scraping and polishing is used to remove plaster residues.
    Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment Cleaning agent In use — 2010 Denmark skin/respiratory sensitizing
    Alternative technology for the stabilization of secondary waste sludge from waste water treatment Substituted Non-chemical alternative Technology with various physical processes run concomitantly or sequentially Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment Solids separation (precipitating) agent In use skin/respiratory sensitizing CMR
    Leather treatment with a natural tanning agent made from olive leaves Substituted
    • Oleuropein (32619-42-4)
    Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur Other In use CMR other reasons
    Substitution of sulphuric acid used for re-pulping process in a paper company Substituted
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment pH regulating agent In use skin/respiratory sensitizing other toxic effects
    OECD SAAT alternative case studies

    Full list of OECD SAAT case studies (not filtered by chemical).

    Case Study Name Link Publish Date Publishing Organization Related Products Description