e.g. Benzene, DEHP, 71-43-2, BPA, phthalate

    Carbon Dioxide

    Chemical structure of PubChem CID 280

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    Chemical Substance Information

    • PubChem CID: 280
    • CAS: 124-38-9
    • UN NO: 1013
    • EC NO: 405-030-1
    • Safety Data Sheet: Link
    • SMILES: C(=O)=O

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    Assessment Type Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Reproductive Toxicity Developmental Toxicity Endocrine Disruption
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    High
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
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    Assessment Type Acute Toxicity Systemic Toxicity - Single Dose Systemic Toxicity - Repeated Dose Neurotoxicity - Single Dose Skin Sensitization Respiratory Sensitization Skin Irritation Eye Irritation
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Medium
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
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    Assessment Type Acute Aquatic Toxicity Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
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    Assessment Type Persistence Bioaccumulation
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Very High
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Assessment Type Reactivity Flammability
    Hazard Assessment Level
    Insufficient data
    for classification
    Insufficient data
    for classification
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    Hazard Diagnostic Modules

    The Hazard Diagnostic Module consists of the following four computational chemistry methods. The predicted toxicity alerts are for reference only and should be evaluated together with other available data.

    1. Substructure Alerts
    2. Similarity Alerts
    3. Read-Across
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    Safer Alternatives

    Safer alternatives are referenced from current safer chemical databases and software logic, divided into the following three categories:

    1. The system compiles industrial uses of chemicals from the US EPA ChemView database and integrates them with the US EPA Safer Chemical Ingredients to create a safer alternatives list for each chemical. Chemicals may have multiple industrial uses, so the system uses an accordion-style display. Click the 'Suggested Safer Alternatives' tab to expand the table. If the use is broad (e.g., 'Commercial use'), the list may include more specific uses (e.g., 'Solvent'). If no information is available, refer to 'By Industrial Use (Full List)' for manual filtering.
    2. Categorized by industrial use (full list). This list contains safer chemicals for industrial uses, not necessarily replacements for the chemical on this page. You may filter by industrial use via the search bar at the top right of this tab, e.g., filter by 'Antioxidants'. Source: Safer Chemical Ingredients List
    3. Categorized by structural similarity, requiring:
      • Find chemicals with similar functional groups based on structural similarity (Tanimoto coefficient ≥ 0.8), likely having similar functions.
      • Chemicals identified as lower risk by risk assessment, such as level 3, level 4, or insufficient data.
      Practical substitution feasibility still requires domain knowledge and reference to physicochemical properties. For insufficient data (U), it means current hazard and risk assessment information is limited; thus, selection should be cautious and toxicology studies should be reviewed.
    4. Based on real-world case studies. Source: OECD SAAT

    Based on substructure, the system lists chemicals with risk levels 3 (usable but safer alternatives may be sought), 4 (safer chemicals), or insufficient data (U: not enough data to determine risk level). Information

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes

    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Risk Level Data Source Notes
    Name CAS Industrial Use Safety Notes
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    This chemical is not listed in the ZeroPM PFAS alternative assessment database.
    SUBSPORT+ substitution case stories

    Real-world substitution cases involving this chemical, from the SUBSPORT+ case story database (English records).

    Case Role of this chemical Alternative Sector Function Implementation Reason for substitution
    Neutralization of alkaline waste water with high ammonia content. Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products) Manufacture of fine chemicals Health services Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment pH regulating agent Full capacity — 1990 Denmark ecotoxicity physical hazards
    Replacement for hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases and hydrocarbons with CO2 for cooling systems Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of food products Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products) Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment Scientific research and development Refrigerants Full capacity — 2008, Denmark other reasons
    Use of carbon dioxide as alternative for caffeine extraction Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of food products Other In use CMR neurotoxicant
    Carbon dioxide as alternative to sterilization using ethylene oxide Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products) Manufacture of food products Biocide In use — Germany CMR neurotoxicant
    Tea decaffeination with carbon dioxide as alternative to ethyl acetate extraction Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of food products Other In use physical hazards
    Facade cleaning using dry ice blasting for monument restoration in Prague Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Building and construction work Cleaning agent In use — Prague CMR
    Cleaning of motorbike repair parts using vegetable oil esters Substituted
    • Fatty acid ester based on coco-oil
    General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment Cleaning agent Solvent In use — 2004 in Germany other toxic effects physical hazards CMR
    Large cooling systems for buildings and industrial plants: Chillers with natural refrigerants. Used as alternative
    • Ammonia, anhydrous (7664-41-7)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Building and construction work Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment Manufacture of rubber products Manufacture of plastics products, including compounding and conversion Other Refrigerants Full capacity ecotoxicity skin/respiratory sensitizing
    Extraction of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API’s) and other active organic compounds with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Health services Other Other Full capacity CMR physical hazards skin/respiratory sensitizing other toxic effects
    Propylene carbonate and supercritical carbon dioxide as alternative to sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide in semiconductors industry Used as alternative
    • Propylene carbonate (108-32-7)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent In use — USA CMR
    Substitution of tetrachloroethylene in dry clean system by liquid carbon dioxide dry cleaning in the garment care industry Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Non-chemical alternative Liquid CO2 Dry Cleaning Equipment
    Other Cleaning agent Full capacity — 2004 USA CMR ED ecotoxicity
    Supercritical carbon dioxide as alternative to hexane in herbal substances extraction Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Health services Other Solvent Other Full capacity ED skin/respiratory sensitizing ecotoxicity PBT
    Alternatives to Toxic, VOC, Ozone Depleting and Global Warming Energised Electrical Equipment Cleaners Used as alternative
    • Acetone (67-64-1)
    • Soybean oil (8001-22-7)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    • Water (7732-18-5)
    Non-chemical alternative In addition to cleaners based on soy, acetone and water, also technical solutions were evaluated and found to perform well. These include high pressure deionised water and carbon dioxide pellet blasting.
    Scientific research and development Cleaning agent Full capacity CMR skin/respiratory sensitizing ecotoxicity
    Liquefied gases as alternative to glycol containing fluids used in fog machines Used as alternative
    • Nitrogen (7727-37-9)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Non-chemical alternative Liquefied air
    Other Other In use other toxic effects
    Environmental-friendly textile cleaning using wet cleaning or carbon dioxide Used as alternative
    • Water (7732-18-5)
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Other Other In use CMR
    Substitution of sulphuric acid used for re-pulping process in a paper company Used as alternative
    • Carbon dioxide (124-38-9)
    Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment pH regulating agent In use skin/respiratory sensitizing other toxic effects
    OECD SAAT alternative case studies

    Full list of OECD SAAT case studies (not filtered by chemical).

    Case Study Name Link Publish Date Publishing Organization Related Products Description